What Is a Hypertonic Solution

Hypertonic refers to a solution with higher osmotic pressure than another solution. In other words, a hypertonic solution is one in which there is a greater concentration or number of solute particles outside a membrane than there are inside it. Key Takeaways: Hypertonic Definition A hypertonic solution is one which has a higher solute concentration than another solution.An example of a hypertonic solution is the interior of a red blood cell compared with the solute concentration of fresh water.When two solutions are in contact, solute or solvent moves until the solutions reach equilibrium and become isotonic with respect to each other. Hypertonic Example Red blood cells are the classic example used to explain tonicity. When the concentration of salts (ions) is the same inside the blood cell as outside of it, the solution is isotonic with respect to the cells, and they assume their normal shape and size. If there are fewer solutes outside the cell than inside it, such as would happen if you placed red blood cells in fresh water, the solution (water) is hypotonic with respect to the interior of the red blood cells. The cells swell and may burst as water rushes into the cell to attempt to make the concentration of the interior and exterior solutions the same. Incidentally, since hypotonic solutions can cause cells to burst, this is one reason why a person is more likely to drown in fresh water than in salt water. Its also a problem if you drink too much water. If there is a higher concentration of solutes outside of the cell than inside it, such as would happen if you placed red blood cells in a concentrated salt solution, then the salt solution is hypertonic with respect to the inside of the cells. The red blood cells undergo crenation, which means they shrink and shrivel as water leaves the cells until the concentration of solutes is the same both inside and outside the red blood cells. Uses of Hypertonic Solutions Manipulating the tonicity of a solution has practical applications. For example, reverse osmosis may be used to purify solutions and desalinate seawater. Hypertonic solutions help to preserve food. For example, packing food in salt or pickling it in a hypertonic solution of sugar or salt creates a hypertonic environment that either kills microbes or at least limits their ability to reproduce. Hypertonic solutions also dehydrate food and other substances, as water leaves cells or passes through a membrane to try to establish equilibrium. Why Students Get Confused The terms hypertonic and hypotonic often confuse students because they neglect to account for the frame of reference. For example, if you place a cell in a salt solution, the salt solution is more hypertonic (more concentrated) than the cell plasma. But, if you view the situation from the inside of the cell, you could consider the plasma to be hypotonic with respect to the saltwater. Also, sometimes there are multiple types of solutes to consider. If you have a semipermeable membrane with 2 moles of Na ions and 2 moles of Cl- ions on one side and 2 moles of K ions and 2 moles of Cl- ions on the other side, determining tonicity can be confusing. Each side of the partition is isotonic with respect to the other if you consider there are 4 moles of ions on each side. However, the side with sodium ions is hypertonic with respect to that type of ions (another side is hypotonic for sodium ions). The side with the potassium ions is hypertonic with respect to potassium (and the sodium chloride solution is hypotonic with respect to potassium). How do you think the ions will move across the membrane? Will  there be any movement? What you would expect to happen is that sodium and potassium ions would cross the membrane until equilibrium is reached, with both sides of the partition containing 1 mole of sodium ions, 1 mole of potassium ions, and 2 moles of chlorine ions. Got it? Movement of Water in Hypertonic Solutions Water moves across a semipermeable membrane. Remember, water moves to equalize the concentration of solute particles. If the solutions on either side of the membrane are isotonic, water moves freely back and forth. Water moves from the hypotonic (less concentrated) side of a membrane to the hypertonic (less concentrated) side. The direction of the flow continues until the solutions are isotonic.

The United States And Native Americans Essay - 1300 Words

The history between Native Americans and Americans is harsh. Native Americans have been pushed off of their land by Americans and put into smaller reservations. The united states have enforced a number of treaties trying to better the relationship but it has oppressed Natives. Recently the united states were plaining to build an oil pipeline that would run through native land and the native Americans did not want the pipeline to be built. So this created more tension between the two. History of Treaties between the United States and Native Americans From the year of 1778 until about 100 years later in 1871, the United States government has been trying to lower the tension and heal their relationship with many Native Tribes by making treaties. Throughout the hundreds of years and hundreds of treaties that were negotiated between the two nations of the U.S. and the Native American nation. Basically the treaties were to make the Native Americans citizens of their tribes while living in the U.S. boundaries. Through these treaties being made the Native Americans basically gave up all there rights from hunting, to living on parcels of the land and trading goods. But the United States did not take all of the land away they gave them small amounts of land to use for tribe use Thomas Jefferson saw that the white settlers wanted the land and would be difficult to give white settlers land if the Native Americans continued their current way of life. Thomas Jefferson in 1803,Show MoreRelatedNative Americans And The United States Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesand early Americans have pushed away Native Americans. Natives were not only thrown into an unknown land, but were also killed in large numbers while changing their culture trying to fit in. 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Types Of Media Advertising On Business Essay - 1093 Words

Types of media advertising There are nine types of media advertising. They are: 1. Direct mail advertising Direct mail advertising is one of the most oldest and traditional form of advertising. In this method, the content or the message which has to be delivered to the buyer is sent by post by the seller. It is not necessary that the buyer and the seller should be in different places in order to follow this type of advertisement. This process contains a lot of procedures and steps which the seller has to take care of. He has to prepare a mailing list, circular posts, circular letters, should keep folders and calendars, etc. the seller has to furnish all the information and the message has to be conveyed properly. The post should be effective and attractive and should create interest in the minds of the buyer about the product to buy the product. The seller can also attach catalogues and booklets which gives detailed information of the product, its uses and also the price of the product. The direct mail is very effective since it establishes a direct contact with the customer and helps to maintain privacy between the buyer and the seller. 2. Print advertising Print advertising mainly relates to the newspapers and magazines. It is also called as press advertising. Since newspapers are the oldest, effective and also a powerful platform for advertising, many companies opt for newspaper advertising. Almost every house subscribes for newspapers and advertising in newspapers willShow MoreRelatedMcbride Financial Services Marketing Plan1373 Words   |  6 Pagesstate area of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, and South Dakota.† (University of Phoenix, 2005, 2011, para. 2). 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Business Strategy Applies to Military or Management

Question: Discuss about the Business Strategy for Applies to Military or Management. Answer: Introduction: There is no common accepted definition of what exactly a strategy is, as applies to military or management, but it applies to nearly every aspect of human life. Strategy is a set guideline for your thought processes, decision-making and actions so that goal can be accomplished. It is a plan to overcome the identified problems through a series of methods and calculated plans that uses all ones intelligence resources and tactics combined to emulate the series of methods to overcome all the challenges to achieve the desired result.(Porter, What is strategy?, 1996). Porters main idea is that the strategy is a unique and valuable position involving in different set of activities. Strategic position emerges from three distinctive sources first serving few needs of many customers, second serving board needs of few customers and last serving board needs of many customers in a narrow market. Strategy is often confused with a set of goal, a tactic to achieve victory or a problem identified. Go als should not be confused with planning strategy; a goal is a vision of the future not a series of process that you can execute your vision through. For example, Googles goal is to organize the worlds information and it has made strategies like developing products like google glasses, Gmail, YouTube, etc. all these are product that came out of the strategy that was aimed at organizing the worlds information. Goals are just wishful visions while strategy is used to reach the goal. The most common confusion is between tactic and strategy. Tactics are just small manoeuvres to win battles but they do not help to win the war. A suitable example to explain this would be: suppose you are planning to lose ten pounds and you start eating healthy foods. But one day a bakery opens near you and the smell tempts you to visit the bakery. So before visiting the baker you eat a healthy portion of salad to avoid having more portions in the bakery, but the portion keeps you full so you decide to not visit the bakery anyhow. So you won the battle of not visiting the bakery that day but you still did not win the war of losing ten pounds. A detailed plan on how you are going to overcome an obstacle can be laid out as a good battle tactic but a detailed plan on how you are going to overcome the obstacle to achieve your goals is a good strategy. (Tzu) A good strategy has clearly defined goal, helps us to understand the competition in the environment, a clear picture of the available resources and also an efficient plan to implement the strategy. Well some of the tools needed I order to draft a successful strategy are: Plan: we need to start with understanding some of the implications of the industry and how to analyse the industry and primarily use porters five forces. Positioning: How well can you position yourself in the particular industry and at which position are you at the particular moment? Competitors: how can you analyse your competitors and are their available tools to understand better potential actions that the competitors will be using? Resources: How can you figure out which resources will be required for your industry? Well these four sections will deal with the business level analysis but of course as many corporations consist of different businesses and there are some aspects we will get through if we understand the diversifications and internationalization.(Porter, 2008) Business Model Innovation Business model innovation is the process of improving new ideas that helps in improving a companys financial stability, goal ad mission, and execution process in carrying those ideas to fulfillment. Business Modeling is regularly seen as procedure to revamp the building squares to an inventive plan of action. What individuals overlook is that a plan of action is the building arrangement of your business as well as ought to offer response to the inquiry "Why ought to your business exist from a client point of view?" So a plan of action is a building arrangement as well as how you offer intending to your clients and your representatives. (Ovans, 2015) The essential objective Business Model is to understand that there are new products or services that improve the income of a company and also add value to the product that the consumer is currently using. The advanced and growing age has turned into an opportunity for plan of action development, likewise innovation of new products and services have significantly changed how organizations work and present their products and services to clients. This breakthrough has shortened lifecycles of products and services and has also allowed for monetary achievement. The worldwide commercial has also changed the requirement for plan of action developments, as organizations must prepare themselves to stiffer universal rivalry and the environmental uncertainty. These elements are driving organizations to stay focused and encourage development in the aggressive worldwide commercial center.(Netessine, 2014) Apple is a wonder example of the Business Model Innovation done in beginning of mid-2000s. From selling MACs it increased its presence to other devices, for example, the iPod, iPhone and iTunes. For instance, the iPod and was a leap that would help the downloadable music industry, while the iPhone was a breakthrough in the cell phone market. Netflix is another case of this sort of business development. Therefore, as we can see, business model plays a critical role in the process of innovation, it can be used as a leverage by companies to improve upon its existing range of products and services. Bibliography Dunung, M. A. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/3158?e=fwk-168388-ch10_s04 Netessine, K. G. (2014). Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2014/07/four-paths-to-business-model-innovation Ovans, A. (2015, January 23). Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2015/01/what-is-a-business-model Porter, M. E. (1996). What is strategy? Retrieved from https://hbr.org/1996/11/what-is-strategy# Porter, M. E. (2008, January ). Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2008/01/the-five-competitive-forces-that-shape-strategy Tzu, S. (n.d.). Art of War.